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Figure 2-1 shows the muscles that underlie the Action Units (AUs) responsible for changing the appearance of the eyebrows, forehead, eye cover fold, and the upper and lower eyelids.
In this chapter, you first learn AU 4, which lowers and draws the eyebrows together. Then you learn AU 1, which raises the inner corner of the brow, and then AU 2, which raises the outer corner of the brow. The next two AUs concern the eyelids: AU 5 raises the upper eyelid, widening the eye aperture; AU 7 tightens the eyelids, narrowing the eye aperture. Then you learn AU 6, which circles the eye, narrowing it by pulling in more skin from around the eye than AU 7. Next are a series of AUs concerned with the eyelids, some of which involve complex actions. AU 43 indicates lowering of the upper eyelid, which causes changes in appearance from an eyelid droop to a relaxed eye closure. AU 45 is a blink and AU 46 is a wink.
The locations of the muscles in the upper face are shown in the two illustrations of Figure 2-1. The location of AU 5 is not marked in Figure 2-1 because it is hidden in the eye socket, as explained below. AUs 43, 45, and 46 are not illustrated because they involve criteria for actions that are difficult to portray in a static image.
Following the sections on these single AUs is a table that contrasts the Subtle Differences among many of these AUs. After studying this table, you might want to review and study again the descriptions of single AUs, or you may continue on to the next sections that give descriptions of AU Combinations. After several combinations of the single AUs are described, there is another table comparing Subtle Differences among AU combinations and single AUs.
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